OpenRules: Prediction rules, decision aids, and facts boxes for clinical medicine. Collaboratively created.
How can I prevent cardiovascular disease?
.Last updates: style 12/30/2016; content 08/07/2022. Click 'About' for recent changes.
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Next steps
Contact your health care provider if
- You are missing information that is needed to complete the form.
- You have questions about making your decision.
About
This page uses the Pooled Cohort ASCVD Risk Equations (4) and does not apply to people with known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or LDL-C > 190 mg/dl as these people need high-intensity statins.(2)
The facts box format was created and validated by Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Welch HG, 2009. See citation below.
Last update
- Last updates: style 2/18/2018; content 08/07/2022. Last revision corrected overestimate of the benefit of smoking cessation (but it is still by far the most important!). The new code assumes that after 10 years of nonsmoking, ASCVD risk is similar to a non-smoker (PMID 31429895)
- Update history
- Source files
References
- Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, Probstfield J, Riesmeyer JS, Riddle MC, Rydén L, Xavier D, Atisso CM, Dyal L, Hall S, Rao-Melacini P, Wong G, Avezum A, Basile J, Chung N, Conget I, Cushman WC, Franek E, Hancu N, Hanefeld M, Holt S, Jansky P, Keltai M, Lanas F, Leiter LA, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Cardona Munoz EG, Pirags V, Pogosova N, Raubenheimer PJ, Shaw JE, Sheu WH, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T; REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 PMID: 31189511
- Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, de Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 PMID: 24222015
- Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, et al. PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 4;368(14):1279-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303. PMID: 23432189
- Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D'Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O'Donnell CJ, Robinson J, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Sorlie P, Stone NJ, Wilson PW. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013. PMID: 24222018.
- Rea TD, Heckbert SR, Kaplan RC, Smith NL, Lemaitre RN, Psaty BM. Smoking status and risk for recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Sep 17;137(6):494-500. PMID: 12230350.
- Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Elshazly MB, Toth PP, Kwiterovich PO, Blumenthal RS, Jones SR. Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile. JAMA. 2013 Nov 20;310(19):2061-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.280532. PMID: 24240933.
- Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-45. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a. PMID: 24222016
- Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, Ward K, Ebrahim S. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013. PMID: 23440795.
- Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, Silverman MG, Zelniker TA, Kuder JF, Murphy SA, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Wilding JPH, Ruff CT, Gause-Nilsson IAM, Fredriksson M, Johansson PA, Langkilde AM, Sabatine MS; DECLARE–TIMI 58 Investigators. Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019 PMID: 30415602 (Details about the Mediterranean Diet).
- 1/4 cup (4 tablespoons) of extra virgin olive oil
- 30 grams of mixed nuts per day (15 g of walnuts, 7.5 g of hazelnuts, and 7.5 g of almonds). The nuts possibly conferred less benefit than the olive oil.
- Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Welch HG. Using a drug facts box to communicate drug benefits and harms: two randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 21;150(8):516-27. PMID: 19221371 (This study describes development and validation of facts boxes. In addition, some of the language in the statins facts box is from this study.)
The version of this diet in this trial reduced major cardiovascular events. This version encouraged daily either
Collaborate
We welcome your input.
- Please contact us ([email protected]) for suggestions/ideas.
- If you know how both to program and to use GitHub, feel free to fork and pull the source code as well as view open issues.
- If you already know programming, not familiar with GitHub but are interested in learning how to use GitHub, click here..